3GPP, the global organisation responsible for the definition of wireless standards, first specified MIMO for LTE in 2008, in its Release 8. MIMO is used in many modern wireless and RF technologies, including Wi-Fi and Long-Term Evolution (LTE). Spectral efficiency and capacity can be improved by adding additional antennae to support more streams, up to the point where power sharing and interference between users result in diminishing gains and, eventually, losses. In multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO), the transmitter simultaneously sends different streams to different users using the same time and frequency resource, thereby increasing the network capacity. MIMO uses techniques known as spatial diversity and spatial multiplexing to transmit independent and separately encoded data signals, known as "streams", reusing the same time period and frequency resource. MIMO, (multiple-input, multiple-output) is a radio antenna technology which deploys multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to increase the quality, throughput, and capacity of the radio link. In this article, we' take a closer look at Massive MIMO, a key enabler of 5G, and its role in increasing data throughput and capacity. The increase in performance of 5G New Radio (NR) is based on a number of key technologies (including Massive MIMO and Beamforming) and the use of OFDM, a highly spectral-efficient modulation technique, and mmWave spectrum.
To meet the demanding requirements laid down in the international specification for 5G, engineers adopted a fundamentally different approach to wireless network design.
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